In a recent blog article, it was announced that the rewritten MQTT plugin included in the upcoming version 3.12 of the RabbitMQ open source message broker (Copyright © 2007-2021 VMware, Inc.) will reduce MQTT resource usage considerably (source).
“Native MQTT shipping in 3.12 turns RabbitMQ into an MQTT broker. It allows connecting millions of clients to RabbitMQ. Even if you do not plan to connect that many clients, by upgrading your MQTT workload to 3.12, you will substantially save infrastructure costs because memory usage drops by up to 95%.”
https://blog.rabbitmq.com/posts/2023/03/native-mqtt/
Test uses a 3-node cluster, which requires 108.0 + 100.7 + 92.4 = 301.1 GiB in 3.11 and only 6.1 + 6.3 + 6.3 = 18.7 GiB of memory in 3.12.
Test 2 uses a 3-node-cluster, which requires 21.6 + 21.5 + 21.7 = 64.8 GiB in 3.11 and only 2.6 + 2.6 + 2.6 = 7.8 GiB of memory in 3.12.